B.Sc./B.E. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE/ENGINEERING PROGRAMME – KU 
Guidelines for Bachelor’s
Project Reports
School of Science
Department of Environmental Science & Engineering
Kathmandu University
Dhulikhel, Kavre, NEPAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item Page No. 1. Sequence of Items required in Bachelor’s Project Reports 3 2. Guidelines for layout and format of Report 4 3. Sample title page 5 4. Declaration by Student 6 5. Approval of Supervisor, External & HOD 7 6. Sample figure layout and captions 9 7. Sample table headings and layout 10 8. Sample reference listings 11 9. Sample Annex 13
1. Sequence of items to be included in Project Reports
A. Title page {project report title should not exceed 25 words} B. Declaration by Student
C. Approval/Signatures of Supervisor, External & HOD
D. Abstract of Report {should not exceed 300 words}
E. Dedication (optional)
F. Acknowledgements (optional)
G. Table of Contents
H. Chapter 1: Introduction, Objectives, Rationale, Scope & Limitations of Study
I. Chapter 2: Literature Review
J. Chapter 3: Materials and Methods
K. Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
L. Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations (brief)
M. List of References
N. Annexes {A, B, C, . . . etc.}
NOTE: The recommended length of project report should be within the range of 30 to 50 typed pages (1.5 line spacing) or in the range of 10,000 to 15,000 words. This is excluding the preliminary pages and annexes, although the entire complete report should be kept well under 100 pages unless absolutely unavoidable!
2. Guidelines for layout and format of project report
1. Preliminary pages should be numbered: i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, etc. A page number should not be shown on the title page even though it is counted as i.
2. Margins should be maintained on all pages as follows:
i. Left margin = 3 cm (wider for binding)
ii. Top margin = 2.5 cm
iii. Right & bottom margins = 2 cm
3. Page number should be placed at the bottom, center or bottom, right of page.
4. For labeling of Chapters and Sections follow the systematic order: a. Chapter 1
i. Section 1
1. Sub-section 1
2. Sub-section 2, etc.
ii. Section 2
iii. Section 3, etc.
b. Chapter 2
c. Chapter 3, etc.
5. Use 1.5 line spacing for all text in the main body of the thesis. 6. Use Times New Roman (12 point size), or Arial (11 point size) fonts, for text. 7. Label Appendices or Annexes as: A, B, C, etc.; and give name (title) to each.
8. Label figure captions at bottom of the figure and according to the Chapter it appears in such as, Figure 1.1, Figure 1.2, Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2, Figure 3.1, etc.
9. Label table headings at the top of the table and according to the chapter it appears in, similar to the figures, e.g., Table 1.1, Table 1.2, Table 2.2, etc.
10. Cite references in the text of the thesis according to the convention: a. “author’s last name (date)” — in case there is only one author
b. “last name of first author” and “last name of second author” (date) — in case of two authors
c. “last name of first author” et al. (date) — in case of multiple authors
11. List references alphabetically and using correct citations for books, journal articles and conference/seminar proceedings as shown in the examples (following pages).
12. If more than one reference of the same author exists then the references with the same author should be listed chronologically according to publishing date (year).
13. If more than one of the same author’s publications exist in the same year (date), then use suffixes a, b, c, etc., after the publication year {e.g., 1998a; 1998b; etc.)
“TITLE OF PROJECT REPORT”
A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Bachelor’s (Honors) Degree in Environmental Science / B. Tech. in Environmental Engineering
by
“Students name, Semester, Year”
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
School of Science
Kathmandu University
“month, year of completion”
DECLARATION
I, “name of student”, hereby declare that the work presented herein is genuine work done originally by me and has not been published or submitted elsewhere for the requirement of a degree programme. Any literature, data, or works done by others and cited within this report has been given due acknowledgement and listed in the reference section.
__________________________________
“Student name”
Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Kathmandu University
Date:
CERTIFICATION
Approved by:
_________________________ _________________________ Supervisor
“Full name and title” External Examiner “Department” “Full name and title” “Dept. or Organization”
Date: Date:
(if applicable)
_________________________
Co-Supervisor
“Full name and title”
“Department or Organization”
Date:
_____________________________
Head of Department
Dept. of Environmental Science and Engineering, KU Date:
Top margin (2.5 cm)
Left margin
(3 cm)
Right margin
(2 cm)
Bottom margin (2 cm)
a) Change in cultivated, forest and shrub land between 1978 and 1994
40
35
b) Proportion of OC stocks in different land use categories
% of total land areaCultivated
30
25
9% Bari
25%
Khet
20
15
10
5
0
1978 1986 1994 Year
Forest Shrub
6%
60%
Forest Grazing
Figure 4.1. a) Change in land use between 1978 and 1994 in Nepal; b) proportion of carbon stocks in different land use categories.
Plate 3.1. View of the south side of the campus in autumn.
Table 5.2. Factorial analysis of variance of soil air carbon dioxide-C concentrations by erosion phase and season.
Source DF Mean Squares F-test
Replication 2 0.94 0.92ns Erosion Phase 3 15.34 15.00** Error A 6 1.02
Sampling Time 18 124.00 96.10*** Time X Rep 36 1.21 0.93ns Phase X Time 54 19.00 14.71*** Error B 108 1.29
Residual 119
Total 227
DF = degrees of freedom; ns = non-significant; **, and *** indicate significance at the 0.01 and 0.001 levels of probability for the ANOVA F-test.
Table 5.3. Correlation matrix of soil air CO2 concentrations with soil temperature, soil water content and carbon flux from the soil.
Dependent variables (soil air CO2)
CO2-SLI CO2-MOD CO2-SEV CO2-DEP Mean CO2
T-SLI 0.61** — — — — M-SLI 041ns — — — — T-MOD 0.50* — — — M-MOD 0.29ns — — — T-SEV 0.35ns — — M-SEV 0.25ns — — T-DEP 0.74** — T-DEP 0.33ns — Mean-T 0.61**
Mean-M 0.34ns Mean C-Flux 0.65**
T = soil temperature, M = soil moisture, SLI = slightly eroded, MOD = moderately eroded, SEV = severely eroded, DEP = depositional phase, CO2 denotes soil air carbon dioxide, C-flux denotes CO2-C flux from the soil surface.
*, ** indicate statistical significance at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability, respectively; ns = non significant for Pearson’s correlation coefficients.
Anderson, J.P.E. (1982) Soil respiration. In: A.L. Page, R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeny (eds.) Methods of Soil Analyses, Pt. 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed. ASA Monograph No. 9. ASA-SSSA, Madison, WI, pp. 831-871.
Anderson, D.W. (1995) Decomposition of organic matter and carbon emissions from soils. In: R. Lal, J. Kimble, E. Levine, and B.A. Stewart (eds.) Soil Management and Greenhouse Effect. Advances in Soil Science. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, pp. 165-175.
Bajracharya, R.M., Lal, R. and Kimble. J. (1998) Soil organic carbon distribution in aggregates and primary particle fractions as influenced by erosion phases and landscape position. In: R. Lal, J. Kimble, R. Follett and B.A. Stewart (eds.), Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle. CRC Press LLC, pp. 353-367.
Bouwman, A.F. (1990) Exchange of greenhouse gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. In: A.F. Bouwman (ed) Soils and the Greenhouse Effect. John Wiley Publ., Chichester, UK, 575pp.
Burton, D.L. and Beauchamp, E.G. (1994) Profile nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide concentrations in a soil subject to freezing. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 58:115-122.
Buyanovsky, G.A. and Wagner, G.H. (1995) Soil respiration and carbon dynamics in parallel native and cultivated ecosystems. In: R. Lal, J. Kimble, E. Levine, and B.A. Stewart (eds.) Soils and Global Change. Advances in Soil Science. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, 209-217.
Chengere, A. and Lal, R. (1995) Soil degradation by erosion of a typic hapludalf in central ohio and its rehabilitation. Land degradation and rehabilitation, 6:223-238.
Dudziak, A. and Halas, S. (1996) Diurnal cycle of carbon isotope ratio in soil CO2 in various ecosystems. Plant and Soil, 183:291-299.
Duxbury, J.M., Harper, L.A. and Mosier, A.R. (1993) Contributions of agroecosystems to global climate change. In: E. Rolston, L.A. Harper, A.R. Mosier and J.M. Duxbury (eds.) Agricultural Ecosystems Effects on Trace Gases and Global Climate Change. ASA Special Publ. No. 55. Madison, WI, pp.1-18.
Fahnestock, P., Lal, R. and Hall, G.F. (1995) Land use and erosional effects on two Ohio Alfisols: I. Soil properties. J. Sustainable Agric. 7:63-84.
Gardner, W.H. (1986) Water Content. In: A. Klute (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Phyical and Mineralogical Methods. ASA Monograph No. 9, American Society of Agronomy, Maidson, WI, pp. 493-544.
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984) Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research 2nd Ed. IRRI. John Wiley and Sons, Publ. New York, NY. 680pp.
Lal, R., Fausey, N.R and Eckert, D.J. (1995a) Land use and soil management effects on emissions of radiatively active gases from two Ohio soils. In: R. Lal, J. Kimble, E. Levine, and B.A. Stewart (eds.) Soils and Global Change. Advances in Soil Science. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, pp. 41-59.
Lal, R., Kimble, J. and Stewart, B.A. (1995b) World soils as a source or sink for radiatively active gases. In: R., Lal, J. Kimble, E. Levine and B.A. Stewart (eds) Soil Management and Greenhouse Effect. Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1-8.
Lal, R., Kimble, J. and Follett, R. (1998a) Pedospheric processes and the carbon cycle. In: R. Lal, J. Kimble, R. Follett and B.A. Stewart (eds.), Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, pp. 3-8.
Lal, R., Kimble, J. and Follett, R. (1998b) Land use and soil C pools in terrestrial ecosystems. In: R. Lal, J. Kimble, R. Follett and B.A. Stewart (eds.), Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1-9.
Lal, R. and Taylor, G.S. (1969) Drainage and nutrient effects in a field lysimeter study. I. Corn yield and soil conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 33:973-941.
Littell, R.C. (1989) Statistical analysis of experiments with repeated measurements. HortScience, 24(1):37-40.
Magnusson, T. (1992) Temporal and spatial variation of the soil atmosphere in forest soils of northern Sweden. Stencil Institutionen for Skoglig Standortoslara, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, No. 22, 135pp.
Osozawa, S. and Hasegawa. S. (1995) Daily and seasonal changes in carbon dioxide concentration and flux in an Andisol. Soil Sci., 160:117-124.
Reicosky, D.C. (1988) Tillage methods and carbon dioxide loss: fall versus spring tillage. In: R. Lal, J. Kimble, R. Follett and B.A. Stewart (eds.), Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, pp. 99-111.
Reicosky, D.C. and Lindstrom, M.J (1995) Impact of fall tillage on short-term carbon dioxide flux. In: R. Lal, J. Kimble, E. Levine, and B.A. Stewart (eds.) Soils and Global Change. Advances in Soil Science. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, pp. 209-217.
Rolston, D.E. (1986) Gas Flux. In: A. Klute (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Phyical and Mineralogical Methods. ASA Monograph No. 9, American Society of Agronomy, Maidson, WI, pp. 1103-1119.
Soil Survey Staff (1993) Soil Survey Manual. USDA-NRCS, Gov. Print Office, Washington D.C.
Taylor, S.A. and Jackson, R.D. (1986) Temperature. In: A. Klute (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Phyical and Mineralogical Methods. ASA Monograph No. 9, American Society of Agronomy, Maidson, WI, pp. 927-940.
ANNEX A
Daily climatic data for the month of January 2003
Specware 6.01 DhodeniS NOAA Month Summary From 01/01/2003 To 01/31/2003
__________Temperature__________ Degree Solar RH Rain- ____Wind___ Date Mean High Time Low Time Days Rad Mean Fall Speed Gust
01 10.6 14.8 01:30p 8.2 11:45p 0.0 66.1 91 7.8 0.8 8.0 02 6.3 7.7 01:15a 4.9 06:00a 0.0 0.0 100 0.3 0.1 3.2 03 13.3 18.7 03:00p 9.4 11:30p 0.0 93.1 82 0.0 0.4 3.2 04 11.0 20.2 02:45p 5.3 07:15a 0.0 76.3 88 0.3 0.4 6.4 05 11.2 20.2 02:45p 6.5 06:15a 0.0 68.9 87 0.3 0.7 8.0 06 11.5 21.0 02:30p 6.1 08:15a 0.0 98.7 78 0.0 0.6 9.7 07 11.5 19.8 02:30p 6.1 07:30a 0.0 90.9 77 0.0 0.8 9.7 08 11.3 19.8 02:30p 6.1 07:15a 0.0 98.0 76 0.0 0.6 9.7 09 11.3 19.8 03:15p 5.3 06:15a 0.0 99.1 75 0.0 0.6 11.3 10 11.4 20.2 03:15p 5.3 07:15a 0.0 101.0 76 0.0 0.7 11.3 11 11.0 19.8 02:45p 4.9 08:00a 0.0 93.8 80 0.0 0.9 9.7 12 11.3 20.2 02:30p 5.7 08:00a 0.0 93.8 80 0.3 0.5 11.3 13 11.1 20.2 02:45p 5.7 07:30a 0.0 100.8 81 0.0 0.7 8.0 14 10.9 19.8 03:00p 4.9 07:30a 0.0 100.1 81 0.3 0.8 9.7 15 11.6 19.8 03:15p 5.7 08:15a 0.0 105.4 77 0.0 0.6 4.8 16 12.2 22.1 03:00p 5.7 07:45a 0.0 109.2 76 0.0 0.5 8.0 17 13.0 22.5 03:00p 6.1 06:45a 0.0 110.4 73 0.0 0.7 12.9 18 13.5 23.3 03:15p 6.9 07:30a 0.0 105.3 75 0.0 0.7 9.7 19 13.6 24.0 03:00p 7.3 07:15a 0.0 107.8 75 0.0 0.8 11.3 20 13.7 22.9 02:45p 7.3 07:00a 0.0 113.2 70 0.0 0.8 11.3 21 13.2 22.5 02:30p 6.9 08:00a 0.0 112.9 65 0.0 0.9 11.3 22 12.7 21.3 01:30p 6.9 07:30a 0.0 109.3 72 0.0 1.0 12.9 23 12.4 20.2 02:15p 6.9 06:30a 0.0 102.5 78 0.0 1.2 12.9 24 12.6 20.2 03:15p 7.3 06:00a 0.0 101.0 76 0.0 1.1 11.3 25 12.1 18.7 03:00p 7.3 03:45a 0.0 94.8 80 0.0 1.3 11.3 26 11.8 19.4 01:30p 5.7 07:45a 0.0 94.5 81 0.0 1.1 14.5 27 12.7 20.2 02:30p 6.9 06:15a 0.0 92.4 81 0.0 1.0 11.3 28 12.9 19.4 02:45p 8.6 06:45a 0.0 63.2 87 0.6 0.9 11.3 29 11.8 13.7 01:15p 9.8 10:00p 0.0 19.7 97 4.8 0.9 11.3 30 13.3 20.6 02:45p 9.8 08:00a 0.0 86.5 86 1.1 1.0 12.9 31 12.3 16.4 12:00p 9.0 07:15a 0.0 42.6 91 10.9 0.7 14.5 Total 0.0 26.7
